Visit-to-visit glucose variability is associated with echocardiographic variables in people with type 2 diabetes: epidemiological and mendelian randomization approaches

Table 3 Association of echocardiographic variables for predictive FPG-CV and HbA1c-CV derived from unweighted and weighted GRS using MR approach

	wGRS _FPG−CV per 1 SD			wGRS _HbA1c−CV per 1 SD
Echocardiographic variables	Model 1	Mode 2	Model 3	Model 1	Mode 2	Model 3
Echocardiographic variables	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)
Cardiac structural parameters
LAD (mm)	0.33 (0.12)**	0.34 (0.12)**	0.38 (0.12)**	0.14 (0.12)	0.14 (0.12)	0.20 (0.13)
LVDd (mm)	0.17 (0.12)	0.17 (0.12)	0.25 (0.12)*	0.21 (0.12)	0.20 (0.12)	0.20 (0.13)
LVSd (mm)	0.29 (0.12)*	0.28 (0.12)*	0.30 (0.12)*	0.32 (0.12)**	0.31 (0.12)**	0.24 (0.13)
LVM (g)	2.05 (0.84)*	2.07 (0.84)*	2.49 (0.86)**	1.34 (0.84)	1.35 (0.84)	0.81 (0.90)
Cardiac systolic function
LVEF (%)	-0.50 (0.17)**	-0.49 (0.17)**	-0.41 (0.18)*	-0.48 (0.17)**	-0.47 (0.17)**	-0.32 (0.18)
Cardiac diastolic function
E	0.01 (0.004)**	0.01 (0.004)**	0.01 (0.004)**	0.00 (0.004)	0.00 (0.004)	0.00 (0.004)
e’	-0.15 (0.04)***	-0.15 (0.04)***	-0.10 (0.04)*	0.15 (0.04)***	0.15 (0.04)***	0.03 (0.04)
s’	-0.05 (0.03)	-0.05 (0.03)	0.00 (0.04)	0.12 (0.03)***	0.12 (0.03)***	0.06 (0.03)
E/A ratio	-0.01 (0.01)	-0.01 (0.01)	-0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	-0.01 (0.01)
E/e’ ratio	0.55 (0.09)***	0.56 (0.09)***	0.42 (0.09)***	-0.20 (0.09)*	-0.19 (0.09)*	-0.03 (0.09)
Deceleration time (msec)	0.05 (1.23)	0.07 (1.23)	0.10 (1.30)	-3.99 (1.23)**	-4.01 (1.23)**	-1.03 (1.31)

Model 1 adjusted for residuals
Model 2 adjusting for residuals and PCA
Model 3 adjusting for residuals, PCA and confounding variables
*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001; OR: odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval

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