Table 1 The characteristics of renal microcirculation in different stages of DN
Disease stages | Characteristics of renal microcirculation | Mechanism | Clinical manifestations |
|---|---|---|---|
Endothelial dysfunction. Peritubular capillary blood flow in the renal tubules begins to decrease. | Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses induced by persistent hyperglycemia. Intraglomerular hypertension. | Asymptomatic. Presence or absence of microalbuminuria. | |
Progressive reduction in peritubular capillary blood flow. Significant increase in circulating endothelial cell numbers. Renal microvascular generation impairment. | Glomerulosclerosis. Renal interstitial fibrosis. Vascular homeostasis severely compromised. | Significant decline in renal function, presenting with symptoms of edema, anemia, and hypertension. |