Table 6 Top 10 consistently enriched pathways in public data and validation analyses
Pathway | Public data FDR | Validation FDR | Relevance to GDM |
|---|---|---|---|
Type II diabetes mellitus | 1.2e-4 | 3.5e-3 | Direct link to glucose metabolism |
Insulin signaling pathway | 2.8e-4 | 5.1e-3 | Core pathway in GDM pathophysiology |
AMPK signaling pathway | 5.7e-4 | 7.2e-3 | Energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity |
Adipocytokine signaling pathway | 1.3e-3 | 2.1e-2 | Adipose tissue function in GDM |
Glucose homeostasis | 2.1e-3 | 3.3e-2 | Fundamental process altered in GDM |
Inflammatory response | 3.6e-3 | 4.5e-2 | Chronic inflammation associated with GDM |
PPAR signaling pathway | 4.2e-3 | 5.7e-2 | Lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity |
mTOR signaling pathway | 5.8e-3 | 6.4e-2 | Nutrient sensing and metabolic regulation |
Oxidative phosphorylation | 7.5e-3 | 7.8e-2 | Mitochondrial function in GDM |
Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis | 9.1e-3 | 8.9e-2 | Glucose metabolism pathways |