Table 1 Participant characteristics (N = 121)

Sex (male/female)

Age (years)

Family history of type 2 diabetes (%)

BW (kg)

BMI (kg/m²)

AST (IU/L)

ALT (IU/L)

BUN (mg/dL)

Serum creatinine (mg/dL)

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

Uric acid (mg/dL)

TC (mg/dL)

TG (mg/dL)

HDL-C (mg/dL)

LDL-C (mg/dL)

Sodium (mEq/L)

Potassium (mEq/L)

Chloride (mEq/L)

FBG (mg/dL)

HbA1c (%)

Serum C-peptide (ng/mL)

HOMA2-%B (%)

HOMA2-IR

Systolic BP (mmHg)

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

ACTH (pg/mL)

Cortisol (µg/mL)

Renin activity (ng/mL/h)

Aldosterone (pg/mL)

Aldosterone/renin activity

92 (76.0%)/29 (24.0%)

51.0 (44.0–64.0)

76 (62.8%)

72.0 (62.5–83.9)

25.4 (22.9–28.8)

22.0 (17.0–34.5)

25.0 (16.0–52.0)

13.0 (11.0–16.0)

0.73 (0.63–0.86)

82.5 (68.5–97.7)

5.4 (4.2–6.3)

207.0 (178.0–240.5)

149.0 (100.5–224.5)

49.0 (43.0–58.5)

126.0 (99.0–156.0)

140.0 (138.0–142.0)

4.0 (3.8–4.2)

102.0 (99.5–104.0)

197.0 (138.0–262.5)

10.3 (7.9–12.3)

2.3 (1.6–3.2)

32.6 (21.3–64.7)

2.3 (1.5–3.3)

134.0 (122.0–146.5)

80.0 (68.5–89.5)

26.0 (16.4–41.0)

13.1 (9.5–16.6)

1.6 (0.6–3.2)

59.9 (32.2–102.0)

36.8 (18.3–81.1)