Fig. 3

Forest plots to visualize the causal effect of GLP-1RAs targets on the risk of SA. a. Association between per 1 mmol/mol of the HbA1c lowering mediated by GLP-1RAs and the risk of SA in discovery, replication, and combined datasets. IVW method was used to assess the association. b. Association between per 1-SD increase of GLP-1R gene expression in pancreatic tissue and the risk of SA in discovery, replication, and combined datasets. SMR method was used to assess the association. I² values < 25%, 25–75%, and > 75% were considered to indicate low, moderate, and high heterogeneity, respectively. Data are represented as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (error bars). GLP-1RAs glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, SA sleep apnea, SD standard deviation, IVW inverse-variance-weighted, SMR summary-data-based MR