Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants in NHANES 1988–2018, stratified by survivors or Non-survivors

Demographic data

 Age (years)

71(14)

67(15)

73(14)

< 0.001

 Sex,n(%)

0.505

  Male

1,481(46.60)

526(35.50)

955(64.50)

  Female

1,698(53.40)

601(35.40)

1,097(64.60)

 Race,n(%)

< 0.001

  Mexican American

445(14.00)

148(33.30)

307(66.70)

  Non-Hispanic White

1,453(45.70)

388(26.70)

1,065(73.30)

  Non-Hispanic Black

988(31.12)

399(40.43)

589(59.61)

  Other Race

273(9.21)

171(62.82)

102(37.23)

 BMI (kg/m2)

30.01(8.17)

31.37(8.99)

29.13(7.65)

< 0.001

 Heavy drinking,n(%)

223(70.00)

129(11.40)

94(4.60)

< 0.001

 Heavy smoking,n(%)

573(18.00)

38(3.37)

535(26.07)

0.005

 Hypertension,n(%)

2,429(76.40)

927(82.30)

1,052(73.20)

< 0.001

 CVD,n(%)

< 0.001

  Yes

1,189(37.40)

360(30.20)

829(69.80)

  No

1,990(62.60)

767(38.50)

1,284(61.50)

Laboratory data

 Magnesium intake (mg)

224(133)

224(134)

224(133)

0.583

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

49.8188(17.03)

52.4436(16.04)

48.1831(17.54)

< 0.001

 eGDR (mg/kg/min)

4.4692(2.24)

4.1123(2.34)

4.5683(2.12)

< 0.001

 TyG

6.8218(0.88)

6.8555(0.77)

7.0189(0.91)

< 0.001

 HbA1c (%,mmol/mol)

6.5(48)

6.6(49)

6.4(46)

< 0.001

 Blood glucose control,n(%)

0.021

  Good

1,869(58.80)

633(56.20)

810(39.50)

  Poor

1,310(41.20)

494(43.80)

1,242(60.50)

 TC (mmol/L)

4.7580(1.78)

4.4740(1.49)

5.0757(1.87)

< 0.001

 TG (mmol/L)

1.4790(0.99)

1.4450(0.97)

1.4925(1.03)

< 0.001

 BUN (mmol/L)

7.32(3.93)

7.140(3.92)

7.500(4.29)

< 0.001

 UA (umol/L)

386.65(136.80)

392.6(124.90)

386.6(143.45)

0.879

 HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.22(0.50)

1.24(0.52)

1.22(0.49)

0.405

 LDL (mmol/L)

2.7410(1.50)

2.483(1.24)

3.00(1.60)

< 0.001

 FBG (mg/dL)

136.4(51.86)

133(49.75)

138(55.10)

0.04

 Serum phosphorus (mmol/L)

1.113(0.26)

1.13(0.20)

1.13(0.26)

< 0.001

 Serum total calcium (mg/dL)

9.30(0.50)

9.30(0.50)

9.30(0.50)

0.993

 CMI

0.92(1.17)

0.89(1.05)

0.97(1.22)

< 0.001

 AIP

4.08(1.68)

3.76(1.50)

4.34(1.74)

< 0.001

Medications

 Statins use,n(%)

213(6.70)

117(10.40)

96(4.60)

< 0.001

 Insulin use,n(%)

92(2.90)

32(2.80)

60(2.90)

0.913

 Metformin use,n(%)

28(0.90)

20(1.80)

8(0.40)

< 0.001

 Diuretic use,n(%)

16(0.50)

10(0.90)

6(0.30)

0.071

 PPI use,n(%)

207(6.50)

52(4.60)

155(7.60)

< 0.001

 MDS,n(%)

< 0.001

  0

89(2.80)

54(4.80)

35(1.70)

  1

212(6.70)

94(8.50)

116(5.70)

  2

2,509(78.90)

834(74.00)

1,675(81.60)

  ≥ 3

369(12.20)

143(12.70)

226(11.60)