Fig. 6

Diversity, abundance, structure, species distribution of gut microbiota of rats(\(\bar{x} \pm \mathrm{SE}\), n = 6). A: Quality assessment of sequencing data. (1)Rarefaction curve, (2)Shannon curve, The abscissa represents the amount of randomly selected sequencing data and the ordinate indicates the number of observed ASVs. B: Venn diagram based on ASV clustering and species annotation results, with the number inside the circle indicating the count of ASVs and the number outside denoting the corresponding group. C: The α diversity index. (1)Shannon, (2)Simpson, (3)ACE, (4)Chao1. D: The β diversity analysis. (1)(2)β-diversity based on Weighted Unifrac distance and Bray Curtis distance. (3)(4)PCoA analysis based on Weighted Unifrac distance and Bray-Curtis distance. The abscissa and ordinate represent two principal components, with the percentage indicating each component’s contribution to sample variation. Points correspond to samples, grouped by color. (5)(6)NMDS analysis based on Weighted Unifrac distance and Bray-Curtis distance. Each point represents a sample, with the distance between points indicating sample differences. Identical colors denote samples from the same group. Stress < 0.2 indicates accurate representation of sample differences. E: The species-specific classification tree of the gut microbiota in rats in each group. The colors in the circles represent different groups (see legend), while the fan size reflects the relative abundance ratio. The first number below each circle shows the count of uniquely aligned sequences, and the second number represents the total number of aligned sequences. A/Con is the control group, B/T2DM is the model group, C/EA is the intervention group, and D/EA + LY294002 is the intervention + PI3K inhibitor group. Compared to the Con group, ^**P<0.01; compared to the T2DM group, ^##P<0.01, ^#P<0.05