Fig. 1

Overview of the study design in this study. T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; MVMR, multivariable Mendelian randomization; UKB, UK Biobank; CLSA, Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging; DIAGRAM, DIAbetes Genetics Replication and Meta-analysis; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; IVW, inverse variance weighted; MR-PRESSO, MR-Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier