Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants grouped by fragility fracture status

Sex, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Male

14,741 (58.8)

14,627 (58.9)

114 (43.0)

 Female

10,341 (41.2)

10,190 (41.1)

151 (57.0)

 Age, years

48.45 (17.61)

48.19 (17.49)

73.06 (9.11)

 < 0.001

Race, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Mexican American

5460 (21.8)

5420 (21.8)

40 (15.1)

 Other Hispanic

2125 (8.5)

2099 (8.5)

26 (9.8)

 Non-Hispanic White

10,596 (42.2)

10,435 (42.0)

161 (60.8)

 Non-Hispanic Black

5076 (20.2)

5048 (20.3)

28 (10.6)

 Other

1825 (7.3)

1815 (7.3)

10 (3.8)

Education level, n (%)

0.007

 Below high school

7713 (30.8)

7608 (30.7)

105 (39.6)

 High school

5805 (23.1)

5754 (23.2)

51 (19.2)

 Above high school

11,564 (46.1)

11,455 (46.2)

109 (41.1)

 Drinking, n (%)

18,113 (72.2)

17,961 (72.4)

152 (57.4)

 < 0.001

 Smoking, n (%)

11,880 (47.4)

11,748 (47.3)

132 (49.8)

0.459

Physical activity, n (%)

0.001

 Inactive

12,798 (51.0)

12,670 (51.1)

128 (48.3)

 Moderate

1912 (7.6)

1906 (7.7)

6 (2.3)

 Rigorous

10,372 (41.4)

10,241 (41.3)

131 (49.4)

 BMI, kg/m²

28.72 (6.55)

28.72 (6.55)

28.55 (6.31)

0.678

 Waist, cm

98.72 (15.91)

98.69 (15.92)

101.65 (14.60)

0.003

 SBP, mmHg

124.07 (18.89)

123.91 (18.78)

138.34 (23.12)

 < 0.001

 DBP, mmHg

70.77 (12.34)

70.81 (12.34)

67.32 (12.47)

 < 0.001

 TC, mg/dL

192.00 (167.00, 221.00)

192.00 (167.00, 221.00)

195.00 (167.00, 233.00)

0.077

 TG, mg/dL

118.00 (80.00, 183.00)

118.00 (80.00, 183.00)

130.00 (85.00, 190.00)

0.052

 LDL-C, mg/dL

113.64 (34.85)

113.62 (34.81)

115.70 (37.84)

0.334

 HDL-C, mg/dL

49.89 (14.97)

49.89 (14.95)

49.43 (16.71)

0.619

 Glucose, mg/dL

92.00 (85.00, 103.00)

92.00 (85.00, 103.00)

99.00 (91.00, 112.00)

 < 0.001

 Insulin, uU/mL

9.79 (6.16, 16.13)

9.80 (6.16, 16.14)

8.71 (5.75, 14.48)

0.014

 HbA1c, %

5.69 (1.10)

5.68 (1.10)

6.00 (1.17)

 < 0.001

 TyG

4.70 (0.36)

4.70 (0.36)

4.79 (0.39)

 < 0.001

 HOMA-IR

2.30 (1.38, 4.04)

2.30 (1.38, 4.05)

2.23 (1.40, 3.89)

0.607

 QUICKI

0.15 (0.02)

0.15 (0.02)

0.15 (0.02)

0.337

 Albumin, g/L

42.52 (3.51)

42.54 (3.50)

40.63 (3.82)

 < 0.001

 Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L

72.53 (27.77)

72.46 (27.79)

78.96 (25.54)

 < 0.001

 Phosphorus, mmol/L

1.19 (0.18)

1.19 (0.18)

1.22 (0.17)

0.011

 Total calcium, mmol/L

2.36 (0.09)

2.36 (0.09)

2.36 (0.11)

0.973

 25(OH)D, nmol/L

60.98 (25.75)

60.92 (25.72)

66.27 (28.53)

0.001

 Lumbar spine BMD, g/ cm²

1.05 (0.16)

1.05 (0.16)

0.95 (0.16)

 < 0.001

 Femoral neck BMD, g/cm²

0.85 (0.16)

0.85 (0.16)

0.65 (0.13)

 < 0.001

 Pelvic BMD, g/cm²

1.27 (0.20)

1.27 (0.20)

1.05 (0.16)

 < 0.001

 Total BMD, g/cm²

1.13 (0.13)

1.13 (0.13)

0.97 (0.13)

 < 0.001

Comorbidities

 Diabetes, n (%)

3254 (13.0)

3197 (12.9)

57 (21.5)

 < 0.001

 Hypertension, n (%)

7831 (31.2)

7690 (31.0)

141 (53.2)

 < 0.001

 Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

9199 (36.7)

9074 (36.6)

125 (47.2)

 < 0.001

 Coronary artery disease, n (%)

6211 (24.8)

6118 (24.7)

93 (35.1)

 < 0.001

 Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

556 (2.2)

540 (2.2)

16 (6.0)

 < 0.001

Medications

 Insulin drugs, n (%)

780 (3.1)

757 (3.1)

23 (8.7)

 < 0.001

 Oral hypoglycemic agents, n (%)

4312 (17.2)

4249 (17.1)

63 (23.8)

0.006

 Antihypertensive drugs, n (%)

17,481 (69.7)

17,240 (69.5)

241 (90.9)

 < 0.001

 Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%)

14,014 (55.9)

13,777 (55.5)

237 (89.4)

 < 0.001