Table 1 Demographic characteristics for the cohort by metabolic syndrome status

Age, years (mean, SD)

40.0 (13.6)

49.9 (14.0)

37.8 (12.5)

< 0.001

Gender (n, %)

< 0.001

 Male

163,911 (48.2)

36,038 (58.7)

127,873 (45.9)

 Female

176,285 (51.8)

25,313 (41.3)

150,972 (54.1)

Education level (n, %)

< 0.001

 Less than high school

73,917 (21.7)

26,430 (43.1)

47,487 (17.0)

 High school or equivalent

76,989 (22.6)

12,108 (19.7)

64,881 (23.3)

 College or higher

189,290 (55.6)

22,813 (37.2)

166,477 (59.7)

Marriage status (n, %)

< 0.001

 Single

99,139 (29.1)

6,738 (11.0)

92,401 (33.1)

 Married

218,863 (64.3)

47,415 (77.3)

171,448 (61.5)

 Windowed or separated

22,194 (6.5)

7,198 (11.7)

14,996 (5.4)

Smoking status (n, %)

< 0.001

 Never

245,516 (72.2)

40,218 (65.6)

205,298 (73.6)

 Former

20,599 (6.1)

5,348 (8.7)

15,251 (5.5)

 Current

74,081 (21.8)

15,785 (25.7)

58,296 (20.9)

Drinking status (n, %)

< 0.001

 Never

278,170 (81.8)

46,361 (75.6)

231,809 (83.1)

 Former

9,990 (2.9)

2,814 (4.6)

7,176 (2.6)

 Current

52,036 (15.3)

12,176 (19.9)

39,860 (14.3)

Intake of vegetables and fruit (n, %)

< 0.001

 < 4 portion

139,526 (41.0)

24,563 (40.0)

114,963 (41.2)

 ≥ 4 portion

200,670 (59.0)

36,788 (60.0)

163,882 (58.8)

Physical activity (n, %)

< 0.001

 Inactive

171,644 (50.5)

29,060 (47.4)

142,584 (51.1)

 Insufficient

92,682 (27.2)

14,969 (24.4)

77,713 (27.9)

 Active

75,870 (22.3)

17,322 (28.2)

58,548 (21.0)

BMI, kg/m² (mean, SD)

22.9 (3.6)

26.6 (3.6)

22.1 (3.1)

< 0.001

SBP, mm/Hg (mean, SD)

119.5 (18.5)

136.4 (19.0)

115.8 (16.1)

< 0.001

DBP, mm/Hg (mean, SD)

71.7 (11.6)

81.0 (11.7)

69.7 (10.5)

< 0.001

FPG, mg/dl (mean, SD)

98.5 (21.3)

114.0 (35.5)

95.1 (14.5)

< 0.001

TG, mg/dl (mean, SD)

108.6 (66.2)

183.3 (83.0)

92.2 (48.3)

< 0.001

HDL-C, mg/dl (mean, SD)

53.7 (15.2)

43.1 (11.6)

56.1 (14.9)

< 0.001

WC, cm (mean, SD)

76.7 (10.5)

88.0 (9.1)

74.2 (9.0)

< 0.001