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Fig. 2 | Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

Fig. 2

From: GLP-1-based therapies for type 2 diabetes: from single, dual and triple agonists to endogenous GLP-1 production and L-cell differentiation

Fig. 2

Signaling pathways are activated by peptides and amino acids involved in glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion and synthesis in L-cells. Peptides from protein gastrointestinal digestion and amino acids released in the lumen stimulate GLP-1 secretion via CaSR or GPRC6A activation. GPRC6A and CaSR triggered GLP-1 exocytosis by activating PLC- and IP3-dependent signaling pathways and intracellular Ca2+ increase. In addition, Na+-coupled amino acid (AA) transport and PEPT1 by membrane depolarization and subsequent opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels involved in GLP-1 secretion. Some amino acids were sensed by Gq-coupled receptor GPR142 and caused an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and GLP-1 secretion. Protein hydrolysates stimulate proglucagon gene transcription by cAMP increase and CREB transcription factor phosphorylation [139]. ER endoplasmic reticulum, IP3 inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate, PLC phospholipase C, ∆Ψ membrane depolarization, VDCC voltage-dependent calcium channels

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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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