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Table 2 Summary of included mendelian randomization studies

From: Diabetes and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analyis of mendelian randomization evidence

Study

Ethnicity

Source

Genetic Instrument

Exposure

Sample Size

Specified Methods

Pleiotropy

Conclusion

OR + CI (IVW)

p-value

Study 1 [12]

East Asian

BioBank Japan

92 SNPs for T2DM

T2DM

210,865 T2DM (Cases: 40250; Controls: 170615)

424,357 PTB (Cases: 212453; Controls: 211904)

TSMR, 1IVW, MR-Egger

Present

There is a positive causal relationship between T2D and PTB, yet the findings suggest the presence of pleiotropy.

OR 1.24, 95% CI:1.06–1.45

p < 0.001

Study 2 [13]

East Asian

BioBank Japan

273 SNPs for T2DM

T2DM

210,865 T2DM (Cases: 40250; Controls: 170,615)

178671 PTB (Cases: 7800; Controls: (170871)

TSMR, Multivariable MR, 1IVW, MR-Egger, MR-PRESSO

Absent

The study confirms a direct causal relationship between T2DM and PTB.

OR 1.219, 95% CI:1.040–1.429

P = 0.014

Study 3 [14]

European

EBI database

FinnGen

74 SNPs for T1DM

T1DM

520,580 T1DM (18942 cases and 501638 controls)

377,277 PTB (2432 cases and 374845 controls)

1IVW, Weighted median, MR-Egger

Absent

This bidirectional MR study provided strong evidence of the causal relationship between T1DM and PTB, while the reverse direction indicated no causal associations.

OR 1.07, 95% CI:1.03–1.12

p < 0.001

Study 4 [15]

East Asian

IEU OpenGWAS

BioBank Japan

152 SNPs for T2DM

T2DM

433540 T2DM (356122

Controls, 77418 cases)

212,453 PTB ( 211904 Controls,

549 cases)

1IVW, MR-Egger, Weighted median, simple mode, weighted mode, MR-PRESSO

Absent

This study revealed a genetically causal relationship between T2DM and PTB in the East Asian population. The study provides convincing evidence that individuals with T2DM have a higher risk of PTB at the genetic level.

OR 1.191, 95% CI:1.011–1.402

p = 0.036

  1. 1Primary Statistical Method, IVW-Inverse Variance Weighted, OR- Odds Ratio, CI- Confidence Interval, SNPs- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, PTB- Pulmonary Tuberculosis, T2DM- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, MR- Mendelian Randomization, EBI- European Bioinformatics Institute