Table 4 Comparison of the positive and negative coping ability scores of people living with diabetes, as per different domains of the diabetes distress scale

Overall

4.54 ± 1.98

4.10 ± 2.37

Diabetes distress

Absent

4.55 ± 1.98

4.42 ± 2.42

Present

4.01 ± 1.90

2.64 ± 1.35

p-value

0.048

< 0.001

Subdomain wise

Emotional Distress

Absent

4.54 ± 1.98

4.35 ± 2.39

Present

4.17 ± 1.96

3.28 ± 2.10

p-value

0.567

< 0.001

Physician-related

Absent

4.46 ± 1.92

4.31 ± 2.41

Present

4.46 ± 2.13

3.09 ± 1.84

p-value

0.183

< 0.001

Regimen related

Absent

4.53 ± 1.99

4.32 ± 2.39

Present

4.11 ± 1.90

3.20 ± 2.02

p-value

0.122

< 0.001

Interpersonal related

Absent

4.52 ± 1.99

4.32 ± 2.40

Present

4.15 ± 1.90

3.07 ± 1.86

p-value

0.22

< 0.001

Type of Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 DM

4.40\(\:\pm\:\)2.00

3.94\(\:\pm\:\)2.34

0.3\(\:\pm\:\)2.7

Type 2 DM

4.47\(\:\pm\:\)2.00

4.06\(\:\pm\:\)2.41

0.3\(\:\pm\:\)2.8

Type 2 DM + comorbidities

3.67\(\:\pm\:\)2.57

4.58\(\:\pm\:\)2.02

0.6\(\:\pm\:\)2.6

p-value

0.899

0.965

Duration of the disease

< 1 year

4.44\(\:\pm\:\)2.09

4.22\(\:\pm\:\)2.47

0.2\(\:\pm\:\)2.8

1–5 years

3.94\(\:\pm\:\)2.37

4.45\(\:\pm\:\)1.93

0.4\(\:\pm\:\)2.8

> 5 years

4.48\(\:\pm\:\)2.04

4.10\(\:\pm\:\)2.43

0.3\(\:\pm\:\)2.8

p-value

0.965

0.697

Diabetes control status

Absent

5.28 ± 2.27

3.81 ± 2.4

Present

4.28 ± 1.87

4.16 ± 2.35

p-value

< 0.001

0.609

Age (Completed years)

< 30

4.45\(\:\pm\:\)2.03

4.13\(\:\pm\:\)2.36

0.2\(\:\pm\:\)3.0

31–45

4.58\(\:\pm\:\)2.18

4.09\(\:\pm\:\)2.57

0.4\(\:\pm\:\)3.0

46–60

4.42\(\:\pm\:\)1.93

3.98\(\:\pm\:\)2.32

0.4\(\:\pm\:\)2.8

> 60

4.47\(\:\pm\:\)1.96

4.09\(\:\pm\:\)2.47

0.3\(\:\pm\:\)2.5

p-value

0.939

0.916

Sex

Female

4.51\(\:\pm\:\)2.06

4.16\(\:\pm\:\)2.36

0.3\(\:\pm\:\)2.7

Male

4.43\(\:\pm\:\)1.95

3.97\(\:\pm\:\)2.44

0.4\(\:\pm\:\)2.8

p-value

0.337

0.274

Marital status

Married

4.45\(\:\pm\:\)1.99

4.07\(\:\pm\:\)2.42

0.3\(\:\pm\:\)2.8

Single

4.65\(\:\pm\:\)2.04

3.80\(\:\pm\:\)2.28

0.8\(\:\pm\:\)2.4

p-value

0.230

0.156

Educational qualification

Illiterate

4.45\(\:\pm\:\)1.97

4.16\(\:\pm\:\)2.36

0.19\(\:\pm\:\)2.72

Can read only

4.57\(\:\pm\:\)1.72

4.57\(\:\pm\:\)2.64

0.14\(\:\pm\:\)2.34

Can read and write

5.17\(\:\pm\:\)2.04

4.25\(\:\pm\:\)2.61

0.83\(\:\pm\:\)2.99

Primary

4.76\(\:\pm\:\)2.39

3.92\(\:\pm\:\)2.49

0.81\(\:\pm\:\)2.46

Middle

4.70\(\:\pm\:\)2.21

4.43\(\:\pm\:\)2.57

0.14\(\:\pm\:\)3.17

High School

4.21\(\:\pm\:\)1.97

3.78\(\:\pm\:\)2.33

0.34\(\:\pm\:\)2.85

Graduate & above

4.40\(\:\pm\:\)1.82

3.96\(\:\pm\:\)2.36

0.41\(\:\pm\:\)2.68

p-value

0.859

0.219

Current Occupation

Clerical, shop-owner, farmer

4.67\(\:\pm\:\)2.10

4.25\(\:\pm\:\)2.39

0.0\(\:\pm\:\)4.2

Others

4.39\(\:\pm\:\)1.90

4.18\(\:\pm\:\)2.32

0.2\(\:\pm\:\)2.6

Profession

4.53\(\:\pm\:\)1.93

3.87\(\:\pm\:\)2.35

0.5\(\:\pm\:\)2.9

Semi-profession

4.44\(\:\pm\:\)1.97

3.37\(\:\pm\:\)2.13

0.6\(\:\pm\:\)2.5

Semi-skilled worker

3.80\(\:\pm\:\)0.84

5.60\(\:\pm\:\)3.51

0.0\(\:\pm\:\)4.2

Skilled worker

4.11\(\:\pm\:\)1.89

4.22\(\:\pm\:\)2.24

0.0\(\:\pm\:\)2.7

Unemployed/homemaker

4.43\(\:\pm\:\)2.48

4.13\(\:\pm\:\)2.48

0.4\(\:\pm\:\)2.8

Unskilled worker

4.75\(\:\pm\:\)2.50

2.0\(\:\pm\:\)00

1.3\(\:\pm\:\)0.5

p-value

0.616

0.568

Average Monthly income

Unstable

4.36\(\:\pm\:\)1.98

3.91\(\:\pm\:\)2.38

0.4\(\:\pm\:\)2.7

< 10,000

4.50\(\:\pm\:\)2.05

3.72\(\:\pm\:\)2.29

0.7\(\:\pm\:\)2.8

> 10,000

4.64\(\:\pm\:\)1.97

4.80\(\:\pm\:\)2.50

0.3\(\:\pm\:\)3.0

p-value

0.363

< 0.001

Tobacco

Current users and Ever user

4.71\(\:\pm\:\)2.20

3.10\(\:\pm\:\)1.76

1.59\(\:\pm\:\)2.86

Never user

4.44\(\:\pm\:\)1.98

4.13\(\:\pm\:\)2.44

0.23\(\:\pm\:\)2.77

p-value

0.160

< 0.001

Alcohol

Current users and Ever user

4.55\(\:\pm\:\)2.06

3.75\(\:\pm\:\)2.25

0.76\(\:\pm\:\)2.74

Never user

4.43\(\:\pm\:\)1.97

4.16\(\:\pm\:\)2.46

0.18\(\:\pm\:\)2.81

p-value

0.228

0.023

Co-existing Hypertension

No

4.42\(\:\pm\:\)2.01

4.01\(\:\pm\:\)2.47

0.37\(\:\pm\:\)2.67

Yes

4.50\(\:\pm\:\)1.98

4.07\(\:\pm\:\)2.34

0.31\(\:\pm\:\)2.98

p-value

0.197

0.443