Table 3 Prevalence of diabetes distress among the study participants and predicting socio-demographic and clinical characteristics
| Â | Diabetes distress | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Present | p-value | Adjusted OR(95% CI) | p-value | |
Count (Row %) | Count (Row %) | ||||
Total sample | 596(100) | 108(18.1) | Â | Â | Â |
Age (Completed years) | Â | Â | 0.464 | Â | Â |
18–30 | 62(10.4) | 12(19.4) |  | Reference Cat |  |
31–45 | 123(20.6) | 19(15.4) |  | 0.8(0.2–2.5) | 0.677 |
46–60 | 272(45.6) | 46(16.9) |  | 0.9(0.3–2.6) | 0.814 |
> 60 | 139(23.3) | 31(22.3) |  | 1.4(0.5–4.4) | 0.544 |
Sex | Â | Â | 0.911 | Â | Â |
Female | 251(42.1) | 46(18.3) | Â | Reference Cat | Â |
Male | 345(57.9) | 62(18) |  | 1(0.6–1.8) | 0.895 |
Marital status | Â | Â | 0.508 | Â | Â |
Married | 536(89.9) | 99(18.5) |  | 0.8(0.3–2.5) | 0.73 |
Single | 60(10.1) | 9(15) | Â | Reference Cat | Â |
Educational qualification | Â | Â | 0.005 | Â | Â |
Illiterate | 118(19.8) | 19(16.1) |  | 0.5(0.1–2.4) | 0.389 |
Can read only | 7(1.2) | 1(14.3) |  | 0.5(0.1–2.2) | 0.362 |
Can read and write | 24(4) | 2(8.3) | Â | Reference Cat | Â |
Primary | 37(6.2) | 15(40.5) | Â | Â | Â |
Middle | 92(15.4) | 11(12) |  | 2.1(0.4–10.3) | 0.359 |
High School | 140(23.5) | 31(22.1) |  | 0.8(0.2–3.4) | 0.769 |
Graduate & above | 178(29.9) | 29(16.3) | Â | 1.2(0.3-5) | 0.78 |
Current Occupation | Â | Â | 0.010 | Â | Â |
Clerical, shop-owner, farmer | 110(18.5) | 16(14.5) | Â | Reference Cat | Â |
Others | 38(6.4) | 1(2.6) | Â | 0.2(0-2.1) | 0.194 |
Profession | 70(11.7) | 15(21.4) |  | 2.6(1–7) | 0.06 |
Semi-profession | 63(10.6) | 16(25.4) |  | 2.9(1–8) | 0.04 |
Semi-skilled worker | 5(0.8) | 1(20) |  | 3(0.3–34.8) | 0.384 |
Skilled worker | 27(4.5) | 5(18.5) |  | 2.4(0.7–8.4) | 0.181 |
Unemployed | 279(46.8) | 51(18.3) |  | 1.6(0.7–3.4) | 0.255 |
Unskilled worker | 4(0.7) | 3(75) | Â | 11.5(0.6-232.8) | 0.112 |
Average Monthly income |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |
Unstable | 270(45.3) | 31(11.5) | Â | Reference Cat | Â |
< 10,000 | 195(32.7) | 57(29.2) |  | 4.3(2.3–8.1) | < 0.001 |
> 10,000 | 131(22) | 20(15.3) |  | 1.5(0.7–3.3) | 0.294 |
Tobacco |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |
Current users and Ever user | 49(8.2) | 28(57.1) | Â | Reference Cat | Â |
Never user | 547(91.8) | 80(14.6) |  | 0.1(0-0.2) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol | Â | Â | 0.929 | Â | Â |
Current users and Ever user | 169(28.4) | 31(18.3) | Â | Reference Cat | Â |
Never user | 427(71.6) | 77(18) |  | 1.1(0.5–2.1) | 0.84 |
Type of Diabetes Mellitus | Â | Â | 0.191 | Â | Â |
Type 1 DM | 48(8.1) | 13(27.1) | Â | Reference Cat | Â |
Type 2 DM | 536(89.9) | 92(17.2) |  | 0.6(0.3–1.5) | 0.282 |
Type 2 DM + comorbidities | 12(2) | 3(25) |  | 0.1(0-2.3) | 0.149 |
Diabetes control | Â | Â | 0.045 | Â | Â |
No | 104(17.4) | 26(25) | Â | 2.1(1-4.1) | 0.039 |
Yes | 492(82.6) | 82(16.7) | Â | Reference Cat | Â |
Duration of the disease | Â | Â | 0.352 | Â | Â |
< 1 year | 59(9.9) | 8(13.6) |  | Reference Cat |  |
1–5 years | 246(41.3) | 41(16.7) |  | 0.7(0.3–1.9) | 0.506 |
> 5 years | 291(48.8) | 59(20.3) |  | 0.8(0.3–2.1) | 0.662 |
Type of treatment | Â | Â | 0.233 | Â | Â |
Insulin | 129(21.6) | 28(21.7) | Â | Reference Cat | Â |
Lifestyle modifications | 25(4.2) | 2(8) |  | 0.3(0.1–2.1) | 0.24 |
Oral Hypoglycaemic agents | 442(74.2) | 78(17.6) |  | 0.7(0.3–1.3) | 0.247 |
Co-existing Hypertension | Â | Â | 0.364 | Â | Â |
No | 320(53.7) | 58(18.1) | Â | Reference Cat | Â |
Yes | 218(36.6) | 33(15.1) |  | 1.1(0.6–1.9) | 0.864 |