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Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants according to the presence of metabolic syndrome

From: Metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes: higher time above range and glycemic variability revealed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)

 

Total

N = 206

Non-Metabolic Syndrome group

N = 148

Metabolic Syndrome group

N = 58

P value

Age, years

50.0 (35.0, 63.3)

48.5 (35.0, 60.0)

63.0 (41.0, 69.0)

< 0.001

Male, n (%)

95 (46.1)

75 (50.7)

20 (34.5)

0.043

Age at diagnosis, years

37.8\(\:\pm\:\)16.1

36.8\(\:\pm\:\)15.3

40.3\(\:\pm\:\)17.8

0.166

Duration of diabetes, years

10.0 (2.0, 17.0)

9.0 (2.0, 15.0)

13.0 (5.0, 22.0)

0.011

Pump Therapy, n (%)

24 (12.1)

17 (12.0)

7 (12.5)

1.000

Body-mass index, kg/m2

23.4\(\:\pm\:\)3.3

22.4\(\:\pm\:\)2.9

25.5\(\:\pm\:\)3.1

< 0.001

Waist-to-hip ratio

0.88 (0.82, 0.92)

0.88 (0.82, 0.92)

0.90 (0.85, 0.92)

0.171

IAA antibody positivity, n (%)

27 (16.0)

18 (15.5)

9 (17.0)

0.823

ICA antibody positivity, n (%)

6 (3.6)

3 (2.6)

3 (5.7)

0.379

GAD antibody positivity, n (%)

119 (68.0)

84 (69.4)

35 (64.8)

0.600

Glycated hemoglobin, %

8.8\(\:\pm\:\)2.0

8.7\(\:\pm\:\)2.0

9.0\(\:\pm\:\)1.9

0.446

Hypertension, n (%)

47 (23.2)

12 (8.3)

35 (60.3)

< 0.001

SBP, mmHg

130\(\:\pm\:\)18

125\(\:\pm\:\)16

139\(\:\pm\:\)20

< 0.001

DBP, mmHg

73\(\:\pm\:\)10

72\(\:\pm\:\)10

75\(\:\pm\:\)9

0.146

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.4 (1.2, 1.7)

1.5 (1.2, 1.7)

1.3 (1.0, 1.6)

< 0.001

TG, mmol/L

0.89 (0.65, 1.19)

0.83 (0.62, 1.06)

1.13 (0.75, 1.60)

< 0.001

LDL-C, mmol/L

2.5 (2.1, 3.0)

2.6 (2.2, 3.2)

2.2 (1.9, 2.9)

0.003

eGFR, ml/min*1.73m2

105.3 (95.3, 120.3)

107.7 (98.3, 119.4)

98.7 (90.2, 122.4)

0.013

Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L

9.2 (6.4, 13.4)

8.8 (6.0, 12.3)

12.0 (7.9, 15.9)

< 0.001

Fasting C peptide, ng/mL

0.05 (0, 0.30)

0.06 (0, 0.34)

0.02 (0, 0.25)

0.173

Carotid Plaque, n (%)

85 (53.5)

53 (49.5)

32 (61.5)

0.177

Diabetic Nephropathy, n (%)

31 (15.6)

17 (12.0)

14 (24.6)

0.032

Diabetic Retinopathy, n (%)

45 (29.6)

26 (25.7)

19 (37.3)

0.187

Daily insulin dosage, U/kg/d

0.57 (0.45, 0.72)

0.55 (0.43, 0.70)

0.60 (0.49, 0.72)

0.036

  1. Note: Quantitative information that conforms to a normal distribution was expressed as Mean \(\:\pm\:\) Standard deviation. Non-normally distributed quantitative information was expressed as Median (Percentile 25, Percentile 75). Qualitative information was depicted as the number of cases (percentage)
  2. Abbreviation: IAA, insulin autoantibody; ICA, islet cell autoantibody; GAD, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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