Table 2 Basic characteristics of the included studies
Author Year | Group | Sample Size (F/M) | Age (Mean ± SD) | Supervised Status | Duration per Session | Exercise Period | Exercise Frequency | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang et al. 2010 [33] | Yijinjing | 26/34 | 25 ~ 30 | supervised | 20 | 12 | 7 | Significant changes:b,c |
Con | ||||||||
Song et al. 2013 [34] | Tai Chi | 21/19 | 54 | unsupervised | 50 | 12 | 7 | Significant changes: a,b,c |
Con | 21/19 | 54 | ||||||
Fang et al. 2014 [35] | Baduanjin | 14/16 | 56.62 ± 8.85 | unsupervised | 60 | 12 | 5 | Significant changes: a,b,c,d,e,g |
Con | 13/17 | 57.13 ± 9.26 | No significant changes:f | |||||
Wu et al. 2015 [36] | Shaolin Neigong | 12/8 | 54.50 ± 12.15 | unsupervised | 45 | 12 | 5 | Significant changes: a,b,c |
Con | 12/9 | 56.25 ± 12.42 | ||||||
Wu et al. 2016 [37] | Baduanjin | 20 | 57. 75 ± 8. 78 | unsupervised | 15 | 12 | 5 | Significant changes: a,b,c |
20 | 63. 25 ± 6. 86 | 30 | 12 | 5 | ||||
20 | 60. 38 ± 4. 81 | 45 | 12 | 5 | ||||
Con | 20 | 60. 38 ± 5. 81 | ||||||
Li et al. 2017 [38] | Shaolin Neigong | 7/3 | 61.70 ± 9.96 | unsupervised | 15 | 24 | 5 | Significant changes: a,b,c |
8/2 | 55.20 ± 9.32 | 30 | 24 | 5 | ||||
5/5 | 61.70 ± 10.33 | 45 | 24 | 5 | ||||
7/3 | 60.50 ± 11.37 | 60 | 24 | 5 | ||||
Con | 5/5 | 57.10 ± 12.59 | ||||||
Li et al. 2019a [39 | Tai Chi | 31/12 | 55.72 ± 3.42 | supervised | 60 | 16 | 5 | Significant changes:c |
Con | 29/15 | 55.25 ± 3.38 | ||||||
Li et al. 2019b [40 | Baduanjin | 34/15 | 56.90 ± 3.94 | unsupervised | 20 | 36 | 3 | Significant changes:c |
Con | 33/14 | 56.34 ± 4.03 | ||||||
Li et al. 2019c [41 | Baduanjin | 23/6 | 57.41 ± 3.38 | unsupervised | 20 | 24 | 3 | Significant changes: a,c |
Con | 21/6 | 55.81 ± 4.09 | ||||||
Li et al. 2020 [42] | Baduanjin | 33/27 | 57.42 ± 5.55 | supervised | 60 | 24 | 5 | Significant changes: a,b,c |
Con | 32/23 | 58.89 ± 5.22 | ||||||
Hu et al. 2022 [43] | Tai Chi | 19 | 62.68 ± 7.33 | supervised | 50 | 12 | 4 | Significant changes: a,b,c,d,g |
Con | 19 | 61.58 ± 6.62 | No significant changes:e,f | |||||
Ma et al. 2022 [44] | Baduanjin | 18/16 | 59.18 ± 3.93 | supervised | 45 | 48 | 2 | Significant changes: a,b,c,d,e,f,g |
Con | 18/14 | 59.09 ± 5.25 | ||||||
Cai et al. 2023 [45] | Yijinjing | 9/8 | 63.41 ± 5.06 | supervised | 60 | 24 | 5 | Significant changes:c,d,e,f |
Con | 12/5 | 61.82 ± 4.33 | No significant changes: a,b,g | |||||
Zhang et al. 2023 [46] | Yijinjing | 18/7 | 61.12 ± 6.57 | supervised | 60 | 24 | 5 | Significant changes:b |
Con | 17/8 | 63.00 ± 4.72 | No significant changes: a, c,d,e,f,g | |||||
Fu et al. 2023 [47] | The Six-Step Meridian Guiding Technique | 8/4 | 52.1 ± 10.2 | unsupervised | 24 | 2 | 7 | Significant changes:b,c |
Con | 5/5 | 58.4 ± 3.9 |