Table 4 Associations between DI-GM levels and MAFLD of the NHANES 2017–2020 participants, stratified by selected factors

Age, years

0.391

20–65

1[Reference]

1.153(0.845,1.573)

0.329

0.962(0.698,1.325)

0.790

0.839(0.690,1.021)

0.074

0.016

≥ 65

1[Reference]

0.939(0.509,1.733)

0.821

1.014(0.580,1.774)

0.955

0.583(0.357,0.952)

0.034

0.019

Gender

0.866

Male

1[Reference]

1.193(0.788,1.807)

0.365

0.931(0.593,1.461)

0.732

0.744(0.581,0.954)

0.024

0.008

Female

1[Reference]

1.056(0.813,1.374)

0.651

1.017(0.698,1.481)

0.924

0.834(0.666,1.043)

0.100

0.129

Race and Ethnicity

0.137

Non-Hispanic White

1[Reference]

1.077(0.747,1.552)

0.668

0.894(0.629,1.269)

0.498

0.677(0.529,0.865)

0.005

0.001

Non-Hispanic Black

1[Reference]

1.059(0.693,1.618)

0.773

1.193(0.795,1.791)

0.362

0.879(0.616,1.256)

0.447

0.866

Mexican American

1[Reference]

1.251(0.758,2.064)

0.302

1.472(0.761,2.847)

0.192

1.420(0.606,3.328)

0.338

0.246

Other Race

1[Reference]

1.253(0.879,1.786)

0.191

1.078(0.695,1.673)

0.715

1.076(0.815,1.420)

0.576

0.931

Marital status

0.512

Married/Living with partner

1[Reference]

1.139(0.805,1.610)

0.428

1.008(0.719,1.415)

0.957

0.834(0.653,1.065)

0.131

0.059

Never married

1[Reference]

1.015(0.595,1.734)

0.951

0.702(0.320,1.543)

0.344

0.678(0.341,1.349)

0.240

0.191

Widowed/Divorced/Separated

1[Reference]

1.147(0.780,1.686)

0.451

1.510(0.825,2.763)

0.162

0.795(0.499,1.269)

0.304

0.407

Education level

0.292

Less than high school graduate

1[Reference]

1.220(0.759,1.961)

0.377

0.897(0.564,1.425)

0.615

1.228(0.699,2.158)

0.440

0.716

High school graduate or GED

1[Reference]

1.151(0.724,1.831)

0.519

1.252(0.820,1.914)

0.267

0.756(0.539,1.061)

0.096

0.195

Some college or above

1[Reference]

1.088(0.759,1.561)

0.615

0.925(0.605,1.414)

0.694

0.775(0.592,1.014)

0.061

0.017

PIR

0.750

≤ 1.3

1[Reference]

1.212(0.679,2.163)

0.472

1.049(0.575,1.915)

0.860

0.836(0.505,1.384)

0.443

0.374

1.3∼3.5

1[Reference]

0.982(0.675,1.429)

0.915

0.977(0.664,1.438)

0.895

0.848(0.625,1.149)

0.251

0.233

> 3.5

1[Reference]

1.191(0.702,2.019)

0.474

0.930(0.565,1.532)

0.751

0.690(0.434,1.095)

0.103

0.034

Smoking

0.605

Never

1[Reference]

1.110(0.802,1.538)

0.494

1.025(0.746,1.410)

0.866

0.894(0.671,1.192)

0.410

0.312

Ex-smoker

1[Reference]

1.259(0.731,2.170)

0.371

0.901(0.548,1.482)

0.654

0.645(0.442,0.940)

0.027

0.022

Current-smoker

1[Reference]

0.944(0.539,1.653)

0.824

0.923(0.492,1.731)

0.785

0.795(0.363,1.742)

0.534

0.542

Drinking

0.334

no

1[Reference]

0.728(0.395,1.341)

0.274

0.867(0.424,1.773)

0.666

0.988(0.434,2.246)

0.974

0.888

yes

1[Reference]

1.161(0.863,1.561)

0.289

1.000(0.718,1.393)

0.998

0.777(0.641,0.943)

0.016

0.003