Fig. 2

Association between DI-GM and MAFLD using a restricted cubic spline model. Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (solid line) with 95% confidence interval (shaded area) for the association of DI-GM with MAFLD disease. Adjusted for age (continuous), gender (male, and female), race (Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, Mexican American, and Other Race), marital status (married/living with partner, never married, and widowed/divorced/separated), education level (less than high school graduate, high school graduate or GED, and some college or above), PIR (continuous), smoking status (never, ex-smoker, and current-smoker), alcohol intake (no-drinking, and drinking). Abbreviations: DI-GM, dietary index for gut microbiota; MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; PIR, Poverty Income Ratio