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Table 2 The association of SES with incident diabetic microvascular complications

From: Association of socioeconomic status with diabetic microvascular complications: a UK Biobank prospective cohort study

Models

Exposure*

Outcome

Diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy

HR (95%CI)

P

HR (95%CI)

P

HR (95%CI)

P

Model 1†

Education attainment, year

0.96 (0.93-1.00)

0.038

0.77 (0.74–0.79)

< 0.001

0.89 (0.85–0.94)

< 0.001

Average total household income before tax, £

0.90 (0.86–0.94)

< 0.001

0.67 (0.63–0.71)

< 0.001

0.75 (0.70–0.82)

< 0.001

TDI

1.07 (1.01–1.13)

0.029

1.16 (1.08–1.25)

< 0.001

1.40 (1.13–1.75)

0.003

Model 2‡

Education attainment, year

0.99 (0.95–1.03)

0.538

0.83 (0.81–0.86)

< 0.001

0.89 (0.85–0.94)

< 0.001

Average total household income before tax, £

0.93 (0.89–0.98)

0.002

0.76 (0.72–0.80)

< 0.001

0.75 (0.69–0.81)

< 0.001

TDI

1.09 (1.04–1.15)

0.001

1.25 (1.16–1.34)

< 0.001

1.39 (1.17–1.66)

< 0.001

Model 3§

Education attainment, year

1.01 (0.97–1.06)

0.581

0.85 (0.82–0.89)

< 0.001

0.93 (0.87-1.00)

0.040

Average total household income before tax, £

0.92 (0.87–0.97)

0.004

0.80 (0.75–0.85)

< 0.001

0.80 (0.73–0.89)

< 0.001

TDI

1.08 (1.02–1.13)

0.004

1.19 (1.14–1.23)

< 0.001

1.27 (1.19–1.36)

< 0.001

  1. * Per SD increase for each exposure
  2. † Adjusted for none
  3. ‡ Adjusted for age and sex
  4. § Adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, mean arterial pressure, glycated hemoglobin level, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, duration of diabetes, BMI level, oral hypoglycemic drug use and insulin treatment
  5. SES: socioeconomic status, TDI: Townsend deprivation index, HR: hazard ratios