Skip to main content

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants stratified by Incident Diabetic Microvascular complications

From: Association of socioeconomic status with diabetic microvascular complications: a UK Biobank prospective cohort study

 

DR-

DR+

Missing (%)

P

DN-

DN+

Missing (%)

P

DPN-

DPN+

Missing (%)

P

n

25,162

3177

  

25,533

4418

  

28,158

1604

  

Male sex

15,494 (61.6)

1950 (61.4)

0

0.844

15,710 (61.5)

2767 (62.6)

0

0.169

17,318 (61.5)

1057 (65.9)

0

< 0.001

Age, years

61.00 (55.00, 65.00)

62.00 (56.00, 66.00)

0

< 0.001

61.00 (54.00, 65.00)

64.00 (60.00, 67.00)

0

< 0.001

61.00 (55.00, 65.00)

61.00 (56.00, 66.00)

0

0.029

Highest education qualifications

  

3.1

0.376

  

3

< 0.001

  

3

< 0.001

 College or university degree

5819 (23.8)

730 (23.8)

  

6201 (25.0)

730 (17.1)

  

6591 (24.1)

305 (19.6)

  

 NVQ or HND or HNC or equivalent

3930 (16.1)

465 (15.2)

  

4030 (16.3)

615 (14.4)

  

4350 (15.9)

261 (16.8)

  

 Other professional qualifications, e.g.: nursing, teaching

2858 (11.7)

381 (12.4)

  

2952 (11.9)

454 (10.6)

  

3204 (11.7)

173 (11.1)

  

 A levels/AS levels or equivalent

1179 (4.8)

138 (4.5)

  

1241 (5.0)

159 (3.7)

  

1323 (4.8)

67 (4.3)

  

 O levels/GCSEs or equivalent

3079 (12.6)

364 (11.9)

  

3100 (12.5)

553 (12.9)

  

3443 (12.6)

197 (12.7)

  

 CSEs or equivalent

822 (3.4)

103 (3.4)

  

844 (3.4)

130 (3.0)

  

919 (3.4)

51 (3.3)

  

 None of the above

6718 (27.5)

887 (28.9)

  

6397 (25.8)

1632 (38.2)

  

7475 (27.4)

500 (32.2)

  

Average total household income before tax

  

18.8

< 0.001

  

18.9

< 0.001

  

18.9

< 0.001

 Less than £18,000

7430 (36.4)

1037 (40.2)

  

7291 (35.0)

1695 (49.1)

  

8278 (36.3)

625 (47.9)

  

 £18,000 to £30,999

5757 (28.2)

725 (28.1)

  

5888 (28.3)

970 (28.1)

  

6479 (28.4)

341 (26.1)

  

 £31,000 to £51,999

4188 (20.5)

496 (19.2)

  

4405 (21.1)

506 (14.6)

  

4678 (20.5)

214 (16.4)

  

 £52,000 to £100,000

2532 (12.4)

269 (10.4)

  

2686 (12.9)

253 (7.3)

  

2824 (12.4)

113 (8.7)

  

 Greater than £100,000

514 (2.5)

52 (2.0)

  

558 (2.7)

30 (0.9)

  

576 (2.5)

12 (0.9)

  

Ethnicity

  

0.9

< 0.001

  

1

0.001

  

0.9

< 0.001

 Caucasian

21,809 (87.5)

2666 (84.8)

  

21,942 (86.8)

3873 (88.6)

  

24,150 (86.6)

1441 (90.7)

  

 Other

3121 (12.5)

478 (15.2)

  

3350 (13.2)

498 (11.4)

  

3745 (13.4)

148 (9.3)

  

Smoker

13,370 (54.4)

1654 (53.6)

2.4

0.408

13,245 (53.1)

2567 (59.7)

2.4

< 0.001

14,738 (53.6)

923 (58.8)

2.3

< 0.001

Heavy alcohol consumption

6736 (33.4)

791 (31.5)

19.9

0.067

6923 (33.4)

1014 (29.8)

19.5

< 0.001

7448 (32.8)

406 (31.8)

19.4

0.504

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

143.00 (131.00, 155.00)

145.00 (133.00, 157.00)

0.5

< 0.001

143.00 (131.00, 155.00)

145.00 (132.00, 158.00)

0.5

< 0.001

143.00 (131.00, 156.00)

143.00 (131.00, 156.00)

0.5

0.577

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

82.00 (75.00, 89.00)

81.00 (74.00, 88.00)

0.5

< 0.001

82.00 (75.00, 89.00)

80.00 (72.00, 87.00)

0.5

< 0.001

82.00 (75.00, 89.00)

80.00 (73.00, 88.00)

0.5

< 0.001

Mean arterial pressure, mmHg

102.67 (95.00, 110.33)

102.33 (94.67, 110.00)

0.5

0.021

102.67 (95.33, 110.33)

101.33 (93.67, 109.67)

0.5

< 0.001

102.67 (95.00, 110.33)

101.33 (93.67, 108.67)

0.5

< 0.001

Plasma glucose, mmol/L

6.37 (5.27, 8.52)

7.40 (5.57, 10.69)

14.7

< 0.001

6.44 (5.29, 8.74)

6.77 (5.40, 9.28)

14.8

< 0.001

6.44 (5.29, 8.70)

7.43 (5.62, 10.71)

14.8

< 0.001

HbA1c, mmol/mol

49.80 (43.70, 57.50)

55.30 (47.60, 66.50)

6.9

< 0.001

50.20 (44.10, 58.60)

51.80 (45.50, 62.20)

7

< 0.001

50.20 (44.10, 58.60)

56.20 (47.27, 68.80)

7

< 0.001

HbA1c, %

6.71 (6.15, 7.41)

7.21 (6.51, 8.23)

  

6.74 (6.19, 7.51)

6.89 (6.31, 7.84)

  

6.74 (6.19, 7.51)

7.29 (6.48, 8.45)

  

HbA1c category, %*

  

6.9

< 0.001

  

7

< 0.001

  

7

< 0.001

 < 6.5

8811 (37.6)

716 (24.5)

  

8571 (36.0)

1288 (31.7)

  

9459 (36.1)

373 (25.6)

  

 6.5–7.4

9226 (39.3)

1015 (34.7)

  

9206 (38.7)

1464 (36.1)

  

10,164 (38.8)

453 (31.1)

  

 7.5–8.4

3168 (13.5)

590 (20.2)

  

3423 (14.4)

713 (17.6)

  

3827 (14.6)

282 (19.4)

  

 ≥ 8.5

2241 (9.6)

604 (20.6)

  

2588 (10.9)

592 (14.6)

  

2778 (10.6)

348 (23.9)

  

Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.91 (1.33, 2.73)

1.84 (1.28, 2.69)

7.2

0.007

1.86 (1.29, 2.68)

2.02 (1.43, 2.86)

7.2

< 0.001

1.88 (1.30, 2.69)

2.01 (1.43, 2.97)

7.1

< 0.001

High-density lipoprotein, mmol/L

1.14 (0.98, 1.36)

1.14 (0.97, 1.37)

14.8

0.769

1.16 (0.98, 1.37)

1.09 (0.93, 1.30)

14.8

< 0.001

1.15 (0.98, 1.36)

1.11 (0.94, 1.32)

14.8

< 0.001

Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/L

2.70 (2.23, 3.33)

2.59 (2.14, 3.13)

7.3

< 0.001

2.70 (2.23, 3.33)

2.55 (2.14, 3.08)

7.3

< 0.001

2.68 (2.22, 3.30)

2.59 (2.15, 3.11)

7.3

< 0.001

Duration of diabetes, year

4.00 (1.00, 8.57)

8.33 (3.51, 15.03)

0

< 0.001

4.32 (1.08, 9.33)

7.00 (3.00, 13.03)

0

< 0.001

4.44 (1.15, 9.46)

9.10 (4.00, 17.40)

0

< 0.001

BMI category, kg/m2

  

1.2

0.824

  

1.2

< 0.001

  

1.2

< 0.001

 < 18.5

30 (0.1)

5 (0.2)

  

32 (0.1)

2 (0.0)

  

29 (0.1)

4 (0.3)

  

 18.5–24.9

2677 (10.8)

347 (11.1)

  

2881 (11.4)

334 (7.7)

  

3069 (11.0)

161 (10.3)

  

 25.0-29.9

8524 (34.2)

1053 (33.7)

  

8942 (35.4)

1222 (28.2)

  

9673 (34.7)

439 (28.0)

  

 ≥ 30.0

13,657 (54.9)

1717 (55.0)

  

13,407 (53.1)

2781 (64.1)

  

15,077 (54.1)

962 (61.4)

  

Use of oral hypoglycemic agents

12,493 (49.8)

1958 (61.8)

0.3

< 0.001

12,734 (50.0)

2760 (62.7)

0.3

< 0.001

14,334 (51.0)

973 (61.0)

0.3

< 0.001

Use of insulin products

3365 (13.4)

1095 (34.5)

0.1

< 0.001

4142 (16.2)

1145 (26.0)

0.1

< 0.001

4524 (16.1)

649 (40.6)

0.1

< 0.001

TDI

-1.24 (-3.18, 2.05)

-0.92 (-3.11, 2.36)

0.2

0.006

-1.26 (-3.20, 2.00)

-0.67 (-2.86, 2.68)

0.2

< 0.001

-1.22 (-3.17, 2.05)

-0.13 (-2.83, 3.06)

0.2

< 0.001

TDI quintile

  

0.2

0.009

  

0.2

< 0.001

  

0.2

< 0.001

 1

5042 (20.1)

616 (19.4)

  

5211 (20.4)

769 (17.4)

  

5679 (20.2)

264 (16.5)

  

 2

5045 (20.1)

612 (19.3)

  

5186 (20.3)

796 (18.0)

  

5667 (20.2)

276 (17.2)

  

 3

5069 (20.2)

593 (18.7)

  

5105 (20.0)

876 (19.8)

  

5660 (20.1)

283 (17.7)

  

 4

5010 (19.9)

649 (20.4)

  

5053 (19.8)

928 (21.0)

  

5591 (19.9)

352 (22.0)

  

 5

4956 (19.7)

704 (22.2)

  

4937 (19.4)

1045 (23.7)

  

5515 (19.6)

428 (26.7)

  
  1. Quantitative data were shown as median (IQR) and qualitative data as n (%), unless otherwise specified
  2. * 6.5% = 47.5 mmol/mol, 7.5% = 58.5 mmol/mol, 8.5% = 69.4 mmol/mol
  3. DR: diabetic retinopathy, DN: diabetic nephropathy, DPN: diabetic peripheral neuropathy, GCSEs: General Certificate of Secondary Education students, CSEs: Certificate of Secondary Education students, NVQ: National Vocational Qualification, HND: Higher National Diploma, HNC: Higher National Certificate, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin, TDI: Townsend deprivation index
Back to article page

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

Contact us