Fig. 3

It depicts the molecular interactions and cellular effects of liraglutide in controlling both hyperglycemia and cardiovascular diseases by protecting pancreatic β-cells and endothelial cells. GLP-1RAs downregulate miR-139-5p and miR-34a-5p to protect the cells against apoptosis. Additionally, they counter high glucose-induced Bcl-2 reduction and modulates miR-375 levels, essential for maintaining β-cell function and insulin signaling