Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Study | Location | Study design | Population | No. of participants | Mean age (years) | Male (%) | Criteria for the diagnosis of MetS | No. of patients with MetS | Follow-up duration for cohort studies (years) | Methods for the diagnosis of glaucoma | Type of glaucoma | Number of patients with glaucoma | Variables adjusted |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tan 2009 | Singapore | CS | Community population aged 40 to 80 years | 3278 | 58.7 | 48.1 | NCEP-ATP III | 1347 | NA | Clinically diagnosed (as evidenced by ophthalmic examination) | Overall glaucoma and POAG | 150 | Age, sex, education, smoking status, central corneal thickness, and diabetic treatment |
Newman 2011 | USA | RC | Community population aged 40 years or older | 2,182,315 | 54.5 | 43 | NCEP-ATP III | 343,615 | Up to 6 years | ICD codes | POAG | 55,090 | Age, sex, race, education, SES, cataract, macular degeneration, retinopathy, systemic hypotension, migraine headache, and CCI |
Kim 2014 | Korea | CS | Community population aged 40 years or older undergoing glaucoma screening | 18,240 | 52.8 | 56.9 | NCEP-ATP III | 3635 | NA | Clinically diagnosed (as evidenced by ophthalmic examination) | NTG | 300 | Age, sex, IOP at baseline, and BMI |
Zhao 2014 | USA | CS | Community population aged 40 years or older | 3026 | 57 | 46.8 | NCEP-ATP III | 971 | NA | Self-reported glaucoma diagnosed by a doctor | Overall glaucoma | 191 | Age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, education, and BMI |
Rasoulinejad 2015 | Iran | CC | POAG patients and healthy control | 200 | 61 | 38 | NCEP-ATP III | 91 | NA | Clinically diagnosed (as evidenced by ophthalmic examination) | POAG | 100 | Age, sex, BMI, IOP, and central corneal thickness |
Lee 2017 | Korea | CS | Community population aged 40 years or older | 14,400 | 56 | 48.3 | NCEP-ATP III | 3067 | NA | Clinically diagnosed (as evidenced by ophthalmic examination) | NTG | 732 | Age, sex, BMI, smoking status, refractive status, and education level |
Jung 2020 | Korea | PC | Community population aged 40 years or older | 287,553 | NR | 49.1 | NCEP-ATP III | 40,046 | 11.8 | ICD codes | POAG | 4970 | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol, exercise, income, and residential area |
Wu 2022 | USA | CS | Community population aged 40 years or older | 38,286 | NR | 42.8 | NCEP-ATP III | 30,204 | NA | ICD codes | Overall glaucoma | 4653 | Age, sex, race, and smoking history |
Lee 2023 | Korea | CS | Community population aged 19 years or older | 11,499 | 51.9 | 49.6 | NCEP-ATP III | 4384 | NA | Clinically diagnosed (as evidenced by ophthalmic examination) | POAG | 502 | Age, sex, BMI, total energy intake, smoking, alcohol drinking, SES, and IOP |