Usage of table salt and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among patients with diabetes: a national population-based cohort study

Table 4 Stratified analyses of the associations between usage of table salt and cardiovascular disease mortality among adults with diabetes in NHANES 2003–2018

	Usage of Table Salt
Characteristics	Using table salt ¹	Not using table salt	P for interaction
Age			0.334
< 60	1 (ref)	1.85 (0.93, 3.68)
≥ 60	1 (ref)	1.34 (1.02, 1.77)
Gender			0.197
Male	1 (ref)	1.24 (0.88, 1.74)
Female	1 (ref)	1.82 (1.16, 2.87)
Race and ethnicity			0.193
Non-Hispanic white	1 (ref)	1.49 (1.06, 2.08)
Hispanic	1 (ref)	0.77 (0.38, 1.57)
Non-Hispanic black	1 (ref)	1.88 (1.06, 3.31)
Other	1 (ref)	1.33 (0.44, 4.02)
Smoke			0.719
Never	1 (ref)	1.30 (0.89, 1.89)
Ever	1 (ref)	1.77 (1.04, 3.01)
Current		1.22 (0.62, 2.42)
Education level			0.852
Less than high school	1 (ref)	1.57 (1.06, 2.31)
High school graduate	1 (ref)	1.78 (0.96, 3.27)
Higher than high school graduate	1 (ref)	1.37 (0.91, 2.07)
Family income-poverty ratio			0.235
Ratio < 1.5	1 (ref)	1.17 (0.72, 1.89)
1.5 ≤ Ratio < 3.5	1 (ref)	1.38 (0.93, 2.04)
Ratio ≥ 3.5	1 (ref)	2.08 (1.08, 4.02)
Body mass index			0.053
< 25	1 (ref)	1.33 (0.78, 2.27)
25–30	1 (ref)	0.90 (0.53, 1.54)
≥ 30	1 (ref)	1.85 (1.33, 2.58)
CVD			0.359
No	1 (ref)	1.27 (0.74, 2.18)
Yes	1 (ref)	1.66 (1.17, 2.36)
Cancer			0.974
No	1 (ref)	1.47 (1.12, 1.93)
Yes	1 (ref)	1.48 (0.82, 2.68)
Hypertension			0.372
No	1 (ref)	1.80 (1.13, 2.86)
Yes	1 (ref)	1.39 (1.05, 1.85)
Diabetes treatment			0.238
No	1 (ref)	1.14 (0.76, 1.70)
Using oral medication or insulin	1 (ref)	1.70 (1.18, 2.44)
Glycated hemoglobin A1c			0.409
< 6.5%	1 (ref)	1.38 (0.84, 2.28)
≥ 6.5%	1 (ref)	1.56 (1.12, 2.18)

Data are presented as HR (95% CI)
¹ Using table salt including using regular iodized salt, sea salt and seasoning salts made with regular salt, lite salt, and salt substitute
Adjusted for age(continuous), sex (male or female), and race/ethnicities (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, or other), body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; <25.0, 25.0-29.9, or 30.0), educational level (< high school, high school graduated or equivalent, or > high school graduated), family income-poverty ratio (< 1.5, 1.5–3.5, or ≥ 3.5), smoking status (never, ever, or current), diabetes medication use (none or using oral medication or insulin), glycated hemoglobin A1c (< 6.5% or ≥ 6.5%), self-reported cancer (yes or no), self-reported hypertension (yes or no), and self-reported cardiovascular disease (yes or no). The strata variable was not included in the model when stratifying by itself

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