Table 2 Summary of the included studies
Study ID | Country | Total sample size | Follow-up duration (months) | Type of prediabetes (IGT, IFG, or both) | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arslan et al. [27] | Turkey | 54 | 12 | Both | • Patients in the LSI with metformin group had significantly lower waist circumference, body mass index, and insulin resistance than those in the LSI only group. • There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of lipid profile outcomes. |
Barua et al. [26] | Bangladesh | 100 | 12 | Both | • The group with LSI plus metformin exhibited more significant changes in triglyceride levels and demonstrated more substantial improvements in BMI. |
Basavareddy et al. [25] | India | 104 | 12 | Both | • There was no significant difference between patients in the LSI with metformin versus the LSI only groups in terms of abdominal circumference, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood sugar, and HbA1c reduction form baseline. |
Bulatova et al. [35] | Jordan | 53 | 6 | NR | • Metformin combined with LSI significantly reduced BMI and HbA1c compared to LSI alone. |
Hydrie et al. [34] | Pakistan | 209 | 18 | IGT | • LSI was highly effective in preventing individuals with impaired glucose tolerance from progressing to diabetes. • The addition of metformin to LSI was not found to provide an additional advantage. |
Kulkarni et al. [8] | India | 70 | 6 | Both | • Both LSI with metformin and LSI alone reduced weight and FPG. However, reduced HbA1c was observed only in the LSI with metformin group. |
Love-Osborne et al. [32] | USA | 85 | 6 | Both | • There was no significant difference between patients in the LSI plus metformin group versus those in the LSI plus placebo in terms of BMI reduction. |
Malin et al. [31] | USA | 16 | 3 | Both | • There was no significant difference between patients in the exercise training with placebo and exercise training with metformin groups in terms of insulin sensitivity. |
Ramachandran et al. [30] | India | 262 | 36 | IGT | • The combination of LSI and metformin did not provide any additional advantage in reducing diabetes incidence among Asian Indians with IGT. |
Viskochil et al. [28] | USA | 19 | 3 | IGT | • Metformin plus LSI was comparable to LSI alone in terms of FPG reduction. |
Wiegand et al. [24] | Germany and Switzerland | 70 | 6 | Both | • During the LSI phase, there was a significant deterioration in both BMI and insulin resistance. • In the following medication phase, improvements in insulin resistance and fasting insulin were observed in both the placebo and metformin groups, with no significant changes in BMI between the two groups. |
Zhang et al. [18] | China | 1678 | 24 | Both | • Metformin plus LSI significantly reduced the risk of diabetes development compared to LSI alone. |