Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the included studies
First Author | Publication Year | Study Design | Country/Region | Registration Number | Baseline CVD (n, %) | Baseline CKD (n, %) | Intervention | Control Type | Follow-up (Years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hernandez | 2018 | a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | in 610 study sites across 28 countries | NCT02465515 | cardiovascular events: 6,678 (71%) cerebrovascular disease: 2,342 (25%) heart failure: 1,922 (20%) peripheral artery disease: 2,354 (25%) | / | Albiglutide | placebo | 1.6 |
Gerstein | 2019 | a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | 371 study sites in 24 countries | NCT01394952 | cardiovascular disease: 3,114 (31.5%) cardiovascular events: 2,035 (20.6%) heart failure: 853 (8.6%) hypertension: 9,224 (93.2%) | / | Dulaglutide | placebo | 5.4 |
Pfeffer | 2015 | a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | conducted across 49 countries | NCT01147250 | acute coronary events: 6,068 (100%) | / | Lixisenatide | placebo | 2.1 |
Marso a | 2016 | a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | 410 study sites in 32 countries | NCT01179048 | cardiovascular events: 6,764 (72.4%) both CVD and CKD: 1,473 (15.8%) | CKD of stage 3 or higher: 2,307 (24.7%) both CVD and CKD: 1,473 (15.8%) | Liraglutide + standard of care | placebo + standard of care | 3.8 |
Marso b | 2016 | a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial | 230 study sites in 20 countries | NCT01720446 | ischemic heart disease: 1,994 (60.5%); myocardial infarction: 1,072 (32.5%); heart failure: 777 (23.6%); ischemic stroke: 383 (11.6%); hemorrhagic stroke: 108 (3.3%). | / | Semaglutide | placebo | 2.1 |
Husain | 2019 | an event-driven, multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | 214 study sites in 21 countries | NCT02692716 | CVD or CKD: 2,695 (84.7%) | CVD or CKD: 2,695 (84.7%) | Semaglutide | placebo | 1.3 |
Holman | 2017 | a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, event-driven trial | 687 study sites in 35 countries | NCT01144338 | cardiovascular events: 10,782 (73.1%) | / | Exenatide | placebo | 3.2 |
Gerstein | 2021 | a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, trial | 344 study sites in 28 countries | NCT03496298 | CVD and current kidney disease: 1,287 (31.6%); heart failure: 737 (18.1%). | CVD and current kidney disease: 1,287 (31.6%); kidney disease: 888 (21.8%); albuminuria: 1,977 (48.5%). | Efpeglenatide | placebo | 3.0 |
Perkovic | 2024 | a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, trial | 387 study sites in 28 countries | NCT03819153 | myocardial infarction or stroke: 808 (22.9%) chronic heart failure: 678 (19.2%). | CKD (eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m² or urinary albumin excretion > 300 mg/24 hours): 1,758 (49.7%) | Semaglutide + SGLT2i (13.2%) | Placebo + SGLT2i (15.5%) | 3.4 |