Fig. 5

Frontier analysis involving SDI and burden of diabetes among adolescents and young adults in 2021. A and C, Frontier analysis with ASMR. B and D, Frontier analysis with ASDR. The frontier is marked using a solid black color, and countries and territories are presented as dots. The leading 15 countries with the most EF (the highest ASMR of diabetes among adolescents and young adults gap from frontier) are marked in black. Examples of frontier countries with low SDI (< 0.5) and reduced EF are marked in blue, and those with high SDI (> 0.85) and relatively elevated EF for their development are marked in red. The red dots represent a reduction in the burden of diabetes among adolescents and young adults between 1990 and 2021. Blue dots represent a rise in the burden of diabetes among adolescents and young adults during the same duration of time. ASMR; age-standardized death rate; ASDR, age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate; EF, effective difference; and SDI, sociodemographic index