Table 1 Demographic and clinical data of the participants

Sex (female: male)

18:8

18:8

18:10

0.203

0.904^#

Age (years)

61.7 ± 5.7

58.6 ± 5.9

59.9 ± 6.0

1.877

0.167^†

Formal education (years)

10.9 ± 3.4

11.6 ± 3.3

11.5 ± 2.7

0.295

0.746^†

Hypertension ^b

5 (19.2)

3 (11.5)

4 (14.3)

0.667

0.797^#

Hyperlipidemia ^c

4 (15.4)

2 (7.7)

4 (14.3)

0.897

0.761^#

Body-mass index (kg/m²)

23.5 ± 2.6

22. 7 ± 2.4

24.0 ± 1.9

2.522

0.087^†

Diabetes duration (years)

8.5 ± 7.4

4.9 ± 4.4

-

2.235

0.044

Insulin ever treated

3 (11.5)

1 (3.8)

-

0.271

0.603^#

Family history ^d

5 (19.2)

8 (30.8)

0.923

0.337^#

Complication (peripheral nerve and vascular lesions; retinopathy)

4 (15.4)

1 (3.8)

0.885

0.347^#

HbA1c (%)

7.9 ± 1.5

7.0 ± 1.3

5.3 ± 0.4

2.367

0.022

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

10.0 ± 2.2

10.4 ± 3.3

5.29 ± 0.75

−0.552

0.583

Post-prandial glucose (mmol/L)

13.9 ± 4.4

15.4 ± 4.5

8.1 ± 1.0

−1.230

0.224

MoCA

25.3 ± 1.2

28.1 ± 0.7

28.7 ± 1.1

−10.57

< 0.001

MMSE

25.6 ± 1.9

28.5 ± 1.0

28.5 ± 1.0

−7.109

< 0.001

AVLT

30.3 ± 7.9

35.6 ± 9.3

37.8 ± 8.1

−2.096

0.043

Hachiski

1.9 ± 0.93

2.0 ± 1.03

0.67 ± 0.57

–0.421

0.676

ADL (Barthel index)

99.6 ± 1.3

99.5 ± 2.5

100 ± 0

0.627

0.839^†