Table 1 Demographic and clinical data of the groups

Age (years)

30.8 ± 4.8

30 ± 5.7

27 ± 5.0

28.3 ± 4.4

0.097

Smoking

1 (4.2)

1 (4.2)

3 (12.5)

1 (4.2)

0.708

Gestational age (weeks)

27 (24–28)

27 (24–28)

26 (24–28)

26 (24–28)

0.238

Height (cm)

161 ± 7.6

161.5 ± 5

160.7 ± 6.4

161.0 ± 6.2

0.95

Weight (kg)

94 ± 13

72 ± 7.3

89 ± 12

67.3 ± 8.5

< 0.001

Body Mass Index (kg/m²)

35.9 ± 3.7

27.5 ± 1.8

34.7 ± 3.7

25.9 ± 2.2

< 0.001

Gestational Weight Gain (kg)

8.9 ± 4.4

7.3 ± 3.9

8 ± 4.6

6.3 ± 3.4

0.215

Gravidity

3. (0–9)

2 (1–3)

2 (1–3)

2 (1–5)

0.094

Parity

1 (0–3)

1 (0–2)

0 (0–2)

0 (0–5)

0.100

Live-birth

1 (0–3)

1 (0–2)

0 (0–2)

0 (0–2)

0.058

Miscarriage

0 (0–5)

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

0 (0–2)

0.053

Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

109.2 ± 5.9

108.9 ± 8.6

108.7 ± 8.6

105 ± 7.1

0.255

Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

71 ± 5.7

67 ± 7.9

68.4 ± 7.0

64 ± 7.7

0,014

Glucose fasting (mg/dL)

99 ± 13

92.4 ± 13.6

79.9 ± 5.4

78.2 ± 6.1

< 0.001

Glucose 1st hour (mg/dL)

198.9 ± 41

184.5 ± 48

128.2 ± 25

127.7 ± 25.9

< 0.001

Glucose 2nd hour (mg/dL)

144.9 ± 52.9

147.6 ± 44.1

105 ± 21.9

100.9 ± 26.9

< 0.001

GLP-1 (ng/mL)

908 (330–1053)

805 (282–908)

739 (315–938)

731 (460–962)

< 0.001

GLP-2 (ng/mL)

839 (361–1178)

855 (668–988)

869 (561–1178)

877 (743–1065)

0.325

GIP (ng/mL)

866 (562–1468)

870 (811–988)

906 (801–1178)

914 (736–1216)

0.595