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Table 1 Characteristics of study participants according to the use of insulin in cross-sectional analyses (n = 6,374)

From: The influence of insulin on diabetic retinopathy and retinal vessel parameters in diabetes

 

Overall Cohort

IPTW Cohort

No insulin (n = 4143)

Insulin (n = 2231)

P

No insulin (n = 4143)

Insulin (n = 2231)

P

Gender (%)

      

Male

1732 (41.81)

996 (44.64)

0.029

2854.26 (43.16)

2784.74 (44.18)

0.241

Female

2411 (58.19)

1235 (55.36)

3759.59 (56.84)

3518.36 (55.82)

 

Age (years)

66.11 (65.9, 66.32)

65.68 (65.38, 65.97)

0.019

65.96 (65.74, 66.19)

66.24 (65.94, 66.55)

0.148

Duration of diabetes (years)

5.85 (5.72, 5.99)

10.82 (10.56, 11.09)

< 0.001

8.06 (7.87, 8.25)

7.61 (7.37, 7.85)

0.004

BMI (kg/m2)

24.51 (24.41, 24.6)

24.29 (24.17, 24.41)

0.004

24.36 (24.27, 24.46)

24.37 (24.25, 24.49)

0.905

SBP (mmHg)

129.9 (129.6, 130.2)

129.9 (129.5, 130.3)

0.891

129.9 (129.6, 130.1)

129.9 (129.6, 130.1)

0.620

DBP (mmHg)

78.41 (78.22, 78.6)

78.39 (78.14, 78.65)

0.904

78.28 (78.09, 78.48)

78.24 (77.98, 78.5)

0.778

HbA1c (%)

6.58 (6.54, 6.61)

7.3 (7.24, 7.37)

< 0.001

6.94 (6.9, 6.99)

6.82 (6.76, 6.88)

0.002

FBG (mmol/L)

6.50 (6.47, 6.53)

6.98 (6.91, 7.04)

< 0.001

6.84 (6.79, 6.89)

6.72 (6.67, 6.77)

0.001

Cigarette smoking (%)

      

Yes

3904 (94.23)

2099 (94.08)

0.810

6207.12 (93.85)

5937.93 (94.21)

0.393

No

239 (5.77)

132 (5.92)

406.73 (6.15)

365.17 (5.79)

 

Alcohol drinking (%)

      

Yes

3994 (96.4)

2138 (95.83)

0.254

6370.87 (96.33)

6073.94 (96.36)

0.908

No

149 (3.6)

93 (4.17)

242.98 (3.67)

229.16 (3.64)

 

DR (%)

      

Yes

525 (12.67)

742 (33.26)

< 0.001

1067.87 (16.15)

1779.29 (28.23)

< 0.001

No

3618 (87.33)

1489 (66.74)

 

5545.98 (83.85)

4523.81 (71.77)

 

PDR (%)

      

Yes

10 (0.24)

21 (0.94)

< 0.001

20.774 (0.31)

52.0457 (0.83)

< 0.001

No

4133 (99.76)

2210 (99.06)

 

6593.08 (99.69)

6251.06 (99.17)

 

CRAE

134.89 (134.36, 135.42)

135.24 (134.48, 136.00)

0.459

134.59 (134.06, 135.13)

135.27 (134.48, 136.06)

0.166

CRVE

223.95 (223.06, 224.84)

227.95 (226.71, 229.19)

< 0.001

223.53 (222.61, 224.45)

227.34 (226.11, 228.57)

< 0.001

AVR

0.607 (0.605, 0.609)

0.598 (0.595, 0.601)

< 0.001

0.607 (0.605, 0.610)

0.599 (0.596, 0.602)

< 0.001

Retinal vascular curvature (×104)

10.747 (10.662, 10.832)

10.981 (10.861, 11.100)

0.002

10.764 (10.679, 10.850)

10.944 (10.826, 11.062)

0.016

  1. Continuous variables were presented as mean (95%CI), and categorical variables were presented as No.(%)
  2. BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; DR: diabetic retinopathy; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; CRAE: central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRVE: central retinal venular equivalent; AVR: arteriole-to-venule ratio
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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