Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants

Age (years)

50.30 ± 10.76

55.09 ± 10.63

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

26.21 ± 3.48

24.87 ± 3.48

< 0.001

WC (cm)

93.77 ± 9.63

87.73 ± 9.77

< 0.001

VFA (cm²)

96.44 ± 42.57

79.81 ± 32.74

< 0.001

SFA (cm²)

176.63 ± 60.49

173.72 ± 62.73

0.37

SBP (mmHg)

133.54 ± 18.07

139.39 ± 20.83

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

84.91 ± 11.09

81.62 ± 11.43

< 0.001

FPG (mmol/l)

8.87 ± 3.51

8.59 ± 3.22

0.119

PPG (mmol/l)

13.71 ± 5.39

13.29 ± 4.95

0.133

FCP (nmol/L)

0.42 (0.27–0.60)

0.41 (0.28–0.61)

0.908

HbA1c (%)

8.46 ± 2.27

8.09 ± 2.07

0.001

TC (mmol/l)

4.86 ± 1.34

5.06 ± 1.11

0.002

TG (mmol/l)

3.07 (1.33–3.21)

2.32 (1.25–2.60)

< 0.001

HDL-C (mmol/l)

1.17 ± 0.31

1.37 ± 0.32

< 0.001

LDL-C (mmol/l)

2.77 ± 0.92

2.82 ± 0.92

0.256

Duration of diabetes (month)

46.00 (13.00–98.00)

60.00(22.00-111.00)

0.01

baPWV

1587.49 ± 314.13

1646.86 ± 340.12

< 0.001

Smoking (%)

< 0.001

Never

327 (38.34%)

599 (96.46%)

Former

117 (13.72%)

5 (0.81%)

Current

409 (47.95%)

17 (2.74%)

Alcohol consumption (%)

< 0.001

Never

419 (49.18%)

583 (93.88%)

Former

86 (10.09%)

15 (2.42%)

Current

347 (40.73%)

23 (3.70%)

Work (%)

< 0.001

No

198 (23.24%)

434 (70.23%)

Yes

654 (76.76%)

184 (29.77%)

Glucose-lowering drugs

0.044

No

144 (16.86%)

81 (13.04%)

Yes

710 (83.14%)

540 (86.96%)

Antihypertensive drugs

0.412

No

625 (73.27%)

443 (71.34%)

Yes

228 (26.73%)

178 (28.66%)

Lipid-lowering drugs

0.035

No

724 (85.08%)

550 (88.85%)

Yes

127 (14.92%)

69 (11.15%)

High baPWV

< 0.001

No

674 (78.92%)

435 (70.05%)

Yes

180 (21.08%)

186 (29.95%)