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Table 2 Mean HbA1c before and 4 years after carbohydrate reduction in type 1 diabetes in groups with different degrees of adherence

From: Low carbohydrate diet in type 1 diabetes, long-term improvement and adherence: A clinical audit

§Group

n

%

start

3 mo.

4 years

*Change

%

!p

All

48

100

7.6 ± 1.0

6.3 ± 0.7

6.9 ± 1.0

-0.7 ± 1.1

-8.4 ± 13

<0.001

B

25

52

7.5 ± 1.1

6.5 ± 0.8

7.4 ± 0.9

-0.1 ± 0.3

-0.7 ± 11

0.7

C + D

23

48

7.7 ± 1.0

6.4 ± 0.9

6.4 ± 0.8

-1.3 ± 0.9

-16 ± 10

<0.001

C

10

21

7.6 ± 1.0

6.3 ± 0.8

6.9 ± 0.8

-0.7 ± 0.4

-8.8 ± 4

<0.001

D

13

27

7.8 ± 1.0

6.5 ± 0.8

6.0 ± 0.6

-1.8 ± 0.9

-22.4 ± 8

<0.001

  1. § A: all patients. B: non-adherent patients. C: partly adherent with intra-person variations over time. D: with initial high HbA1c and excellent adherence. * The HbA1c change between start and 4 years in HbA1c units. ! P-values are for differences between start and 4 years.
  2. Carbohydrates (mostly starch) were reduced to 75 g/day or lower. Insulin doses adapted to the quantity of carbohydrates.